Beberapa jenis tumbuhan Obat dan bahan alami yang dapat digunakan untuk mencegah dan mengatasi Penyakit Jantung dan Stroke antara lain :
DAUN DEWA (Gynura segetum)
Efek farmakologis : sebagai anticoagulant, mencairkan bekuan darah, melancarkan sirkulasi darah dan membersihkan racun. Bagian yang dipakai adalah daun dan umbinya. Dosis yang dianjurkan yaitu 15-30 gram daun segar dan 6-10 gram umbinya.
Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia)
Khasiat ; menurunkan tekanan darah tinggi, menurunkan kolesterol dan kadar gula darah tinggi. Khasiat tersebut dapat mencegah risiko terkena penyakit jantung dan stroke. Dosis : 2-3 buah yang matang
BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum)
Efek : melancarkan sirkulasi darah, antikoagulan (mencegah pembekuan darah), menurunkan kolesterol darah, menurunkan kadar gula darah, menurunkan tekanan darah tinggi dan menambah sistem kekebalan.
BAWANG BOMBAY (Allium cepa)
Berkhasiat mencegah pengumpalan darah, menurunkan kadar lemak darah, menurunkan kadar gula darah dan menurunkan tekanan darah.
Jamur Kuping hitam (Auricularia auricula)
Khasiat/efek : Mencegah stroke dan pendarahan otak, baik untuk jantung dan pembuluh darah.
Rumput laut (Laminaria japonica)
Khasiat : mencegah penyempitan pembuluh darah, menurunkan kolesterol dan tekanan darah tinggi.
Terung Ungu (Solanum melongena L.)
Khasiat : mencegah aterosklerosis (penyempitan dan penyumbatan pembuluh darah), mencegah meningkatnya kolesterol darah, menurunkan ketegangan saraf.
Jantung pisang
Khasiat : Mencegah stroke dan pendarahan otak, baik untuk jantung dan pembuluh darah.
Bunga Mawar (Rosa chinensis)
Khasiat/efek : melancarkan sirkulasi darah, menetralkan racun. Dosis pemakaian: 3-10 g bunga kering
Siantan (Ixora stricta Roxb.)
Khasiat: mengecilkan bekuan darah, menurunkan tekanan darah. Dosis pemakaian : 10-15 g bunga
sumber : http://www.inaheart.or.id/
Selasa, 13 Januari 2009
Senin, 12 Januari 2009
MIP Politecnico di Milano School of Management (MIP)
MIP Politecnico di Milano School of Management (MIP) offers to students of International full-time MBA (starting in May 2009) the possibility to be granted with scholarships and contributions.
The 14-month program consists of the MBA core subjects and electives in Finance, New Product & Venture Development, Service Management and Design & Luxury Management and is integrated with other activities such as Business Plan, Business Game and Project Work.
MBA Scholarships
MIP for WomenMIP created ad hoc scholarships for high-potential profile women applying to our MBA program.
The scholarship will cover up to 50% of the tuition fee. The deadline to submit your application is 30th September 2008.
MIP for Women project aims to:
Increase the presence of women in MIP masters, particularly in our MBA and EMBA, by assigning partial or full scholarships Create ad hoc managerial courses for women in order to favour women’s managerial growth and their placement Stimulate the networking and the exchange of professional experiences through the establishing of a “women community” BCG Full ScholarshipThe Boston Consulting Group offers a full scholarship to one participant of our next MBA class edition, starting in May 2009.
In order to apply for this scholarship you need to submit your application together with MBA required documents to imba@mip.polimi.it.
The deadline to apply from 30th September 2008 to 30th october 2008.
Scholarships and Loans for Colombian NationalsColombian students accepted to MIP’s MBA program can now apply for a loan-scholarship from COLFUTURO, the leading Colombian agency that provides funding to top students who want to pursue graduate studies in the best universities world-wide.
In addition Colombian students will also soon profit from loans offered by ICETEX, the biggest public entity in Colombia to award loans to students studying abroad.
The deadline to apply is 30th May 2009.
The 14-month program consists of the MBA core subjects and electives in Finance, New Product & Venture Development, Service Management and Design & Luxury Management and is integrated with other activities such as Business Plan, Business Game and Project Work.
MBA Scholarships
MIP for WomenMIP created ad hoc scholarships for high-potential profile women applying to our MBA program.
The scholarship will cover up to 50% of the tuition fee. The deadline to submit your application is 30th September 2008.
MIP for Women project aims to:
Increase the presence of women in MIP masters, particularly in our MBA and EMBA, by assigning partial or full scholarships Create ad hoc managerial courses for women in order to favour women’s managerial growth and their placement Stimulate the networking and the exchange of professional experiences through the establishing of a “women community” BCG Full ScholarshipThe Boston Consulting Group offers a full scholarship to one participant of our next MBA class edition, starting in May 2009.
In order to apply for this scholarship you need to submit your application together with MBA required documents to imba@mip.polimi.it.
The deadline to apply from 30th September 2008 to 30th october 2008.
Scholarships and Loans for Colombian NationalsColombian students accepted to MIP’s MBA program can now apply for a loan-scholarship from COLFUTURO, the leading Colombian agency that provides funding to top students who want to pursue graduate studies in the best universities world-wide.
In addition Colombian students will also soon profit from loans offered by ICETEX, the biggest public entity in Colombia to award loans to students studying abroad.
The deadline to apply is 30th May 2009.
DAAD SCHOLARSHIP
DAAD SCHOLARSHIP
Beasiswa DAAD - German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) offers scholarships funded by the German Government to University lecturers, researchers and professionals with two years of working experience.
Postgraduate CoursesFor Professionals with Relevance to Developing Countries: selected study coursesDateline: 11th September 2008 Doctoral Programs and Short-term Research for PostDocs in GermanyOpen fro any kinds of study programsDateline: 15th October 2008
Kindly download and complete the Application Form which can be obtained from the Website at http://jakarta.daad.de, completed application form need to be submitted with your latest (non returnable) passport size photograph together with your contact number, address, CV and relevant copies of full academic report to:
DAAD Jakarta OfficeTel: 021-525 2807, 520 0870E-Mail: info@daadjkt.org
Website: http://jakarta.daad.de
Beasiswa DAAD - German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) offers scholarships funded by the German Government to University lecturers, researchers and professionals with two years of working experience.
Postgraduate CoursesFor Professionals with Relevance to Developing Countries: selected study coursesDateline: 11th September 2008 Doctoral Programs and Short-term Research for PostDocs in GermanyOpen fro any kinds of study programsDateline: 15th October 2008
Kindly download and complete the Application Form which can be obtained from the Website at http://jakarta.daad.de, completed application form need to be submitted with your latest (non returnable) passport size photograph together with your contact number, address, CV and relevant copies of full academic report to:
DAAD Jakarta OfficeTel: 021-525 2807, 520 0870E-Mail: info@daadjkt.org
Website: http://jakarta.daad.de
Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program
Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program
Funded by the Government of Japan
Qualified citizens od developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), who intend to pursue postgraduate studies in economics, management, science and technology, and other development related field are invited to apply for scholarships under the Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program. The program especially welcomes quailed women applicants who have limited financial means to obtain university education.
The Scholarship
Level of Education: Post graduate (Diploma, Masters, and Doctorate degrees)Duration: from 1-2 yearsCoverage: tuition fees, books, subsistence and housing allowance, insurance, economy airfare, and research subsidy
Academic Institutions
AustraliaNational Centre for Development Studies/ Australian National University, University of Melbourne, University of Sydney China, People’s of Republic ofUniversity of Hong Kong JapanInternational University of Japan, Nagoya University ( Graduate School of International Development), Keio University ( International Graduate Programs on Advanced Science and Technology), National Graduate Institute for Policies Studies, Ritsumeikan University (Master in Economic), Seitama University (Department of Civil and Environment Engineering), University of Tokyo (Department of Civil Engineering, School of International Health, Institute of Environmental Studies, and Department of Urban Engineering) New ZealandUniversity of Auckland PakistanLahore University of Management Sciences PhilippinesAsian Institute of Management International Rice Research Institute/ Unisersity of the Philippines in Los Banos SingaporeNational University of Singapore ThailandAsian Institute of Technology, Thammasat University USAEast-West Center Eligibility Requirements
Prospective applicants must:
be a citizen of an ADB developing member country Have at least 2 years work experience Have gained admission to an approved course in a designated institution Be proficient in Spoken and Written English communication skills to be able to pursue studies Be in good health Not more than 35 years old at the time of application (Staff of ADB and the designed institutions and their close relatives is not eligible to apply)
Application Requirements
Applications should obtain application forms from the designed institution of their choice and submit the completed form and required documentation to the institution. applicants should indicate on the application form that they wish to be considered for an Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship. (ADB will select the scholars from among those admitted by the institution. A separate application to ADB is not necessary.) For further information, visit the ADB-JSP website.
Website: www.adb.org/jsp
Funded by the Government of Japan
Qualified citizens od developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), who intend to pursue postgraduate studies in economics, management, science and technology, and other development related field are invited to apply for scholarships under the Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program. The program especially welcomes quailed women applicants who have limited financial means to obtain university education.
The Scholarship
Level of Education: Post graduate (Diploma, Masters, and Doctorate degrees)Duration: from 1-2 yearsCoverage: tuition fees, books, subsistence and housing allowance, insurance, economy airfare, and research subsidy
Academic Institutions
AustraliaNational Centre for Development Studies/ Australian National University, University of Melbourne, University of Sydney China, People’s of Republic ofUniversity of Hong Kong JapanInternational University of Japan, Nagoya University ( Graduate School of International Development), Keio University ( International Graduate Programs on Advanced Science and Technology), National Graduate Institute for Policies Studies, Ritsumeikan University (Master in Economic), Seitama University (Department of Civil and Environment Engineering), University of Tokyo (Department of Civil Engineering, School of International Health, Institute of Environmental Studies, and Department of Urban Engineering) New ZealandUniversity of Auckland PakistanLahore University of Management Sciences PhilippinesAsian Institute of Management International Rice Research Institute/ Unisersity of the Philippines in Los Banos SingaporeNational University of Singapore ThailandAsian Institute of Technology, Thammasat University USAEast-West Center Eligibility Requirements
Prospective applicants must:
be a citizen of an ADB developing member country Have at least 2 years work experience Have gained admission to an approved course in a designated institution Be proficient in Spoken and Written English communication skills to be able to pursue studies Be in good health Not more than 35 years old at the time of application (Staff of ADB and the designed institutions and their close relatives is not eligible to apply)
Application Requirements
Applications should obtain application forms from the designed institution of their choice and submit the completed form and required documentation to the institution. applicants should indicate on the application form that they wish to be considered for an Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship. (ADB will select the scholars from among those admitted by the institution. A separate application to ADB is not necessary.) For further information, visit the ADB-JSP website.
Website: www.adb.org/jsp
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) - Japan Scholarship Programme (JSP)
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) - Japan Scholarship Programme (JSP) was established in April 1988 with funding from the Government of Japan. It is intended to provide an opportunity to fully qualified citizens of ADB developing member countries to pursue postgraduate studies in economics, management, science and technology, and other development-related areas to attend academic institutions in the Asia-Pacific region.
ADB-JSP enrolls about 300 students annually in 20 academic institutions located in 10 countries within the region.
Asian Institute of Management is one of institutions participating in this ADB-JSP scholarship program.
Below are programs offered:
Master in Business Management
Master in Management
Master in Development Management
Master in Entrepreneurship for Social and Development Entrepreneurs
Scholarship DescriptionThe ADB-JSP provides full scholarships for one to two years.
full tuition fees a monthly subsistence and housing allowance an allowance for books and instructional materials medical insurance travel expenses
The scholarship is for one year with an extension to the second year of study, as appropriate, which shall be conditional on the scholar maintaining a satisfactory level of performance as determined by the institute.
The maximum duration of scholarship award is two years for masters and doctorate programs.
Eligibility
A national of an ADB borrowing member country (applicants from countries that are no longer borrowing from ADB are not eligible for the ADB-JSP Scholarship). Gained admission to an approved post graduate course in any of the participating academic institutions. (Asian Institute of Management)
A bachelor’s degree or its equivalent with superior academic record.
At least two (2) years of full-time professional working experience
Proficiency in oral and written English communication skills to be able to pursue studies.
Not more than 35 years old at the time of application.
In good health. Should agree to return to his/her home county after completion of studies under the Program.
Staff of participating academic institutions are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Executive Directors, Alternate Directors, management and staff of ADB, consultants, and relatives of the aforementioned are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Executive Directors, Alternate Directors, management and staff of the other international organizations are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Applicants living or working in a country other than his/her home country are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Upon completion of their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries.
MORE INFORMATION
ADB-JSP Coordinators
Mr. Rey Reyes
Associate Director, Student ServicesAdmissions & Registration
E-mail: admissions@aim.edu.ph
Asian Institute of Management123 Paseo de Roxas Makati City, Philippines
(Attn:Â Student Services, Admissions & Registration)
Application Deadline: Feb 2009
ADB-JSP enrolls about 300 students annually in 20 academic institutions located in 10 countries within the region.
Asian Institute of Management is one of institutions participating in this ADB-JSP scholarship program.
Below are programs offered:
Master in Business Management
Master in Management
Master in Development Management
Master in Entrepreneurship for Social and Development Entrepreneurs
Scholarship DescriptionThe ADB-JSP provides full scholarships for one to two years.
full tuition fees a monthly subsistence and housing allowance an allowance for books and instructional materials medical insurance travel expenses
The scholarship is for one year with an extension to the second year of study, as appropriate, which shall be conditional on the scholar maintaining a satisfactory level of performance as determined by the institute.
The maximum duration of scholarship award is two years for masters and doctorate programs.
Eligibility
A national of an ADB borrowing member country (applicants from countries that are no longer borrowing from ADB are not eligible for the ADB-JSP Scholarship). Gained admission to an approved post graduate course in any of the participating academic institutions. (Asian Institute of Management)
A bachelor’s degree or its equivalent with superior academic record.
At least two (2) years of full-time professional working experience
Proficiency in oral and written English communication skills to be able to pursue studies.
Not more than 35 years old at the time of application.
In good health. Should agree to return to his/her home county after completion of studies under the Program.
Staff of participating academic institutions are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Executive Directors, Alternate Directors, management and staff of ADB, consultants, and relatives of the aforementioned are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Executive Directors, Alternate Directors, management and staff of the other international organizations are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Applicants living or working in a country other than his/her home country are not eligible for the Scholarship.
Upon completion of their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their home countries.
MORE INFORMATION
ADB-JSP Coordinators
Mr. Rey Reyes
Associate Director, Student ServicesAdmissions & Registration
E-mail: admissions@aim.edu.ph
Asian Institute of Management123 Paseo de Roxas Makati City, Philippines
(Attn:Â Student Services, Admissions & Registration)
Application Deadline: Feb 2009
BEASISWA TANOTO FOUNDATION PROGRAM S1 & S2TAHUN AKADEMIK 2009/2010
BEASISWA TANOTO FOUNDATION PROGRAM S1 & S2TAHUN AKADEMIK 2009/2010
Seperti tahun sebelumnya, saat ini Tanoto Foundation menyediakan beasiswa kepada 300 mahasiswa S1 dan 50 Mahasiswa S2, dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yang berasal dari enam perguruan tinggi mitra Tanoto foundation yaitu:
Universitas Indonesia Universitas Gadjah Mada Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Pertanian Bogor Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Riau
Formulir Pendaftaran:
FORMULIR RESMI PENDAFTARAN DAPAT DIPEROLEH MELALUI WEBSITE: www.tanoto-foundation.or.id FORMULIR PENDAFTARAN TIDAK BOLEH DIKETIK ULANG
PERSYARATAN:
A. PROGRAM SARJANA STRATA SATU (S1)
Warga Negara Indonesiar Telah terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa di Perguruan tinggi mitra Tanoto Foundation. Unia maksimum 21 tahun di bulan Juli 2009. Min. IPK = 3,00 (skala 4,00). Bagi mereka yang baru duduk di tahun pertama perguruan tinggi, nilai rata-rata raport kelas tiga SMU = 8,0 (skala 10). Membutuhkan dukungan financial. Berjiwa kepemimpinan dan memiliki kepedulian serta komitmen untuk ikut memajukan bangsa Indonesia. Melengkapi formulir pendaftaran yang diperoleh melalui website Tanoto Foundation. Bagi yang lulus seleksi Beasiswa Tanoto Foundation tidak diperbolehkan menerima beasiswa dari institusi lain.
B. PROGRAM SARJANA STRATA DUA (S2)
Warga Negara Indonesia Telah terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa di Perguruan tinggi mitra Tanoto Foundation. Unia maksimum 40 tahun di bulan Juli 2009. Memiliki pengalaman kerja min 2 tahun, setelah menyelesaikan program S1 Min. IPK = 3,25 (skala 4,00). Bagi mereka yang baru duduk di tahun pertama perguruan tinggi, nilai rata-rata raport kelas tiga SMU = 8,0 (skala 10). Berjiwa kepemimpinan dan memiliki kepedulian serta komitmen untuk ikut memajukan bangsa Indonesia. Melengkapi formulir pendaftaran yang diperoleh melalui website Tanoto Foundation. Bagi yang lulus seleksi Beasiswa Tanoto Foundation tidak diperbolehkan menerima beasiswa dari institusi lain.
PENGEMBALIAN FORMULIR PENDAFTARAN:
Dikirim Langsung Ke:
TONOTO FOUNDATIONPO BOX 2117 JKP 10021
Dengan mencantumkan Tulisan ” Beasiswa” pada bagian kiri atas amplop.
Informasi lebih lanjut: info@tanoto-foundation.or.id
Deadline: 31 Desember 2008
Seperti tahun sebelumnya, saat ini Tanoto Foundation menyediakan beasiswa kepada 300 mahasiswa S1 dan 50 Mahasiswa S2, dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yang berasal dari enam perguruan tinggi mitra Tanoto foundation yaitu:
Universitas Indonesia Universitas Gadjah Mada Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Pertanian Bogor Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Riau
Formulir Pendaftaran:
FORMULIR RESMI PENDAFTARAN DAPAT DIPEROLEH MELALUI WEBSITE: www.tanoto-foundation.or.id FORMULIR PENDAFTARAN TIDAK BOLEH DIKETIK ULANG
PERSYARATAN:
A. PROGRAM SARJANA STRATA SATU (S1)
Warga Negara Indonesiar Telah terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa di Perguruan tinggi mitra Tanoto Foundation. Unia maksimum 21 tahun di bulan Juli 2009. Min. IPK = 3,00 (skala 4,00). Bagi mereka yang baru duduk di tahun pertama perguruan tinggi, nilai rata-rata raport kelas tiga SMU = 8,0 (skala 10). Membutuhkan dukungan financial. Berjiwa kepemimpinan dan memiliki kepedulian serta komitmen untuk ikut memajukan bangsa Indonesia. Melengkapi formulir pendaftaran yang diperoleh melalui website Tanoto Foundation. Bagi yang lulus seleksi Beasiswa Tanoto Foundation tidak diperbolehkan menerima beasiswa dari institusi lain.
B. PROGRAM SARJANA STRATA DUA (S2)
Warga Negara Indonesia Telah terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa di Perguruan tinggi mitra Tanoto Foundation. Unia maksimum 40 tahun di bulan Juli 2009. Memiliki pengalaman kerja min 2 tahun, setelah menyelesaikan program S1 Min. IPK = 3,25 (skala 4,00). Bagi mereka yang baru duduk di tahun pertama perguruan tinggi, nilai rata-rata raport kelas tiga SMU = 8,0 (skala 10). Berjiwa kepemimpinan dan memiliki kepedulian serta komitmen untuk ikut memajukan bangsa Indonesia. Melengkapi formulir pendaftaran yang diperoleh melalui website Tanoto Foundation. Bagi yang lulus seleksi Beasiswa Tanoto Foundation tidak diperbolehkan menerima beasiswa dari institusi lain.
PENGEMBALIAN FORMULIR PENDAFTARAN:
Dikirim Langsung Ke:
TONOTO FOUNDATIONPO BOX 2117 JKP 10021
Dengan mencantumkan Tulisan ” Beasiswa” pada bagian kiri atas amplop.
Informasi lebih lanjut: info@tanoto-foundation.or.id
Deadline: 31 Desember 2008
Shell Centenary Scholarships
Shell Centenary Scholarships and Shell Centenary Chevening Scholarships
Imperial College London
Scholarship Application Form
A scholarship application should accompany, or follow, a University Graduate Entry Application.A scholarship application will not be considered unless and until the applicant has received an offer from Imperial College London to undertake an eligible programme of postgraduate study by 31st March 2009 (an application for academic admission must have been made by 31st January 2009).
Applicants must personally complete this form by entering the information requested in the appropriate blocks.
A fully-completed scholarship application form must reach the University by 1 March 2009.
Applicants should normally be:
aged 35 or under nationals of and resident in any country other than Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States and intending to return and take up permanent residence there after completion of the proposed programme of study intending to study a subject that will be of significant value in aiding the sustainable development of their home country of outstanding academic ability, e.g. have obtained a degree equivalent to a first class honours degree at a British university fluent in spoken and written English neither a current nor former employee of the Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies It is the intention that the scholarships be widely geographically distributed. In each year a large number of countries will be represented. Scholarships will be awarded to those academically qualified applicants thought best able to contribute to the development of their home country by becoming leaders, decision-makers or opinion-formers. Preference will be given to those who have not yet had the opportunity to study in the UK and NL.
Each scholarship will cover tuition, accommodation, maintenance cost and a return airfare for the scholarship holder only.
Please note that an applicant must have met all the conditions for academic entry, including the university’s English language requirements before they can compete for a scholarship.
DOWNLOAD APPLICATION FORMTHE SHELL CENTENARY SCHOLARSHIP FUND
A fully-completed Scholarship Application Form must reach the University by 1st March atthe latest.
Applications should be returned electronically to scholarships@imperial.ac.uk or sent to:
Scholarships Section, RegistryImperial College LondonLevel 3 Sherfield BuildingSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZwebsite: http://www.shellscholar.org/about/index.html
Imperial College London
Scholarship Application Form
A scholarship application should accompany, or follow, a University Graduate Entry Application.A scholarship application will not be considered unless and until the applicant has received an offer from Imperial College London to undertake an eligible programme of postgraduate study by 31st March 2009 (an application for academic admission must have been made by 31st January 2009).
Applicants must personally complete this form by entering the information requested in the appropriate blocks.
A fully-completed scholarship application form must reach the University by 1 March 2009.
Applicants should normally be:
aged 35 or under nationals of and resident in any country other than Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States and intending to return and take up permanent residence there after completion of the proposed programme of study intending to study a subject that will be of significant value in aiding the sustainable development of their home country of outstanding academic ability, e.g. have obtained a degree equivalent to a first class honours degree at a British university fluent in spoken and written English neither a current nor former employee of the Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies It is the intention that the scholarships be widely geographically distributed. In each year a large number of countries will be represented. Scholarships will be awarded to those academically qualified applicants thought best able to contribute to the development of their home country by becoming leaders, decision-makers or opinion-formers. Preference will be given to those who have not yet had the opportunity to study in the UK and NL.
Each scholarship will cover tuition, accommodation, maintenance cost and a return airfare for the scholarship holder only.
Please note that an applicant must have met all the conditions for academic entry, including the university’s English language requirements before they can compete for a scholarship.
DOWNLOAD APPLICATION FORMTHE SHELL CENTENARY SCHOLARSHIP FUND
A fully-completed Scholarship Application Form must reach the University by 1st March atthe latest.
Applications should be returned electronically to scholarships@imperial.ac.uk or sent to:
Scholarships Section, RegistryImperial College LondonLevel 3 Sherfield BuildingSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZwebsite: http://www.shellscholar.org/about/index.html
Sampoerna Foundation
PT. Rio Tinto Indonesia in collaboration with Sampoerna Foundation provides one (1) qualified individual with the opportunity to pursue a Master`s degree in Science, Social Science or Commerce at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia.
Upon completing the program, scholar is under a (n+1) binding program with PT. Rio Tinto Indonesia, where n = the number of years receiving the scholarship grant. The scholar must apply their knowledge and contribute significantly to PT. Rio Tinto Indonesia for (n+1) year.
Basic EligibilityApplicant must satisfy ALL of the following conditions:
Indonesian citizen who is under 35 years of age when lodging the application.
Hold a local Bachelor`s degree from any discipline with a minimum Grade Point Average of 3.00 (on a 4.00 scale).
Have a minimum of two-year full-time professional work experience after the completion of the undergraduate degree.
Submit the required English language requirement (TOEFL/ IELTS) and the Graduate Admission Test as required by each program, after the applicant is selected as the scholarship finalists:- International TOEFL with a minimum score of 577 (PBT) or 233 (CBT) or 90 (IBT), OR- International English Language Testing System (IELTS) of minimum 6.5
Adhere with the scholarship rules and regulations, particularly in the (n+1) binding program with PT. Rio Tinto Indonesia.
Currently did not enroll in graduate or post-graduate program, or obtained a Master`s degree or equivalent.
Did not enroll or graduate from an overseas tertiary institution, unless was on a full scholarship.
Do not receive other equivalent award or scholarship offering similar or other benefits at the time of the award.
Demonstrate that without the scholarship, applicant is not able to afford an Overseas Graduate Program.
Scholarship ValueThe scholarship` s worth is approximately AUD 68,000.- depending on the program`s fee, for the duration of study.
This covers the following:
Graduate Admission Test and TOEFL/ IELTS reimbursement, one time only, based on original invoice, for the test taken no more than 6 months prior to the scholarship application;
University application fee;
Student visa application fee;
Return airfares from Jakarta to Sydney;
Tuition fees, for the duration of study;
Living allowance, to support living costs during period of study;
Literature allowance, to purchase textbooks required for study.
How to Apply?Download the application package (application, reference and health information forms) at
http://www.sampoernafoundation.org/content/view/1334/139/lang, en,
or obtained it from:
Sampoerna Foundation
Sampoerna Strategic Square
North Tower, 26th - 27th Floor
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kavling 45Jakarta 12930
When submitting the application package, please write “Rio Tinto-S2″ at the top right hand corner of the envelope. Sampoerna Foundation will consider the completed applications and will notify the short-listed applicants to attend the continuing stages of the selection process.Interested applicants who meet the requirements must complete and return the application package by the deadline (January 30, 2009) to Sampoerna Foundation office.
E-mail applications will not be considered.
Further InformationProspective applicants are advised to directly contact the University of New South Wales (UNSW) directly or Australian Education Center (AEC) to find out about the admission process and requirements for an enrolment.
Applicants`s inquiries about the scholarship (requirements, conditions, coverage, etc.) should be directed to Sampoerna Foundation (62 21 5772340/ ella.cecilia@sampoernafoundation.org).
Ella Cecillia
Program DepartmentPutera Sampoerna Foundation
Sampoerna Strategic Square, North Tower, 26th Floor
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav.45, Jakarta 12930
Phone: 62 21 5772340 ext. 7130/ Fax. 62 21 5772341
E-mail: ella.cecilia@sampoernafoundation.org
Website: www.sampoernafoundation.org
Application deadline is January 30, 2009.
Upon completing the program, scholar is under a (n+1) binding program with PT. Rio Tinto Indonesia, where n = the number of years receiving the scholarship grant. The scholar must apply their knowledge and contribute significantly to PT. Rio Tinto Indonesia for (n+1) year.
Basic EligibilityApplicant must satisfy ALL of the following conditions:
Indonesian citizen who is under 35 years of age when lodging the application.
Hold a local Bachelor`s degree from any discipline with a minimum Grade Point Average of 3.00 (on a 4.00 scale).
Have a minimum of two-year full-time professional work experience after the completion of the undergraduate degree.
Submit the required English language requirement (TOEFL/ IELTS) and the Graduate Admission Test as required by each program, after the applicant is selected as the scholarship finalists:- International TOEFL with a minimum score of 577 (PBT) or 233 (CBT) or 90 (IBT), OR- International English Language Testing System (IELTS) of minimum 6.5
Adhere with the scholarship rules and regulations, particularly in the (n+1) binding program with PT. Rio Tinto Indonesia.
Currently did not enroll in graduate or post-graduate program, or obtained a Master`s degree or equivalent.
Did not enroll or graduate from an overseas tertiary institution, unless was on a full scholarship.
Do not receive other equivalent award or scholarship offering similar or other benefits at the time of the award.
Demonstrate that without the scholarship, applicant is not able to afford an Overseas Graduate Program.
Scholarship ValueThe scholarship` s worth is approximately AUD 68,000.- depending on the program`s fee, for the duration of study.
This covers the following:
Graduate Admission Test and TOEFL/ IELTS reimbursement, one time only, based on original invoice, for the test taken no more than 6 months prior to the scholarship application;
University application fee;
Student visa application fee;
Return airfares from Jakarta to Sydney;
Tuition fees, for the duration of study;
Living allowance, to support living costs during period of study;
Literature allowance, to purchase textbooks required for study.
How to Apply?Download the application package (application, reference and health information forms) at
http://www.sampoernafoundation.org/content/view/1334/139/lang, en,
or obtained it from:
Sampoerna Foundation
Sampoerna Strategic Square
North Tower, 26th - 27th Floor
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kavling 45Jakarta 12930
When submitting the application package, please write “Rio Tinto-S2″ at the top right hand corner of the envelope. Sampoerna Foundation will consider the completed applications and will notify the short-listed applicants to attend the continuing stages of the selection process.Interested applicants who meet the requirements must complete and return the application package by the deadline (January 30, 2009) to Sampoerna Foundation office.
E-mail applications will not be considered.
Further InformationProspective applicants are advised to directly contact the University of New South Wales (UNSW) directly or Australian Education Center (AEC) to find out about the admission process and requirements for an enrolment.
Applicants`s inquiries about the scholarship (requirements, conditions, coverage, etc.) should be directed to Sampoerna Foundation (62 21 5772340/ ella.cecilia@sampoernafoundation.org).
Ella Cecillia
Program DepartmentPutera Sampoerna Foundation
Sampoerna Strategic Square, North Tower, 26th Floor
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav.45, Jakarta 12930
Phone: 62 21 5772340 ext. 7130/ Fax. 62 21 5772341
E-mail: ella.cecilia@sampoernafoundation.org
Website: www.sampoernafoundation.org
Application deadline is January 30, 2009.
Senin, 05 Januari 2009
voice mailbox
Beberapa dering terdengar, dan tidak ada yang mengangkat maka langsung masuk ke fungsi voice mailbox? Apa yang biasa kita lakukan?
Pada umumnya kita segera memencet tombol untuk menghentikan percakapan. Tapi terlambat, Anda sudah harus membayar untuk itu, sesuai dengantarif penyedia layanan jasa telekomunikasi itu.
Karena itu, lebih baik matikan saja fungsi mailbox itu, karena pada umumnya kita juga tidak pernah menggunakannya.
Caranya ?
XL (bebas, jempol, xplor)
mengaktifkan: *818#
menonaktifkan: #818#
chek: *#818#
TELKOMSEL (simpati, halo)
mengaktifkan: *222#
menonaktifkan: #222#
chek: *#222#
INDOSAT GSM (mentari, im3, matrix)
menonaktifkan: call customer service di 300 kemudian minta supaya voicemailboxnya dimatikan.
INDOSAT CDMA (starone)
mengaktifkan: *68122
menonaktifkan: *680
TELKOM FLEXIPengalihan tanpa kondisi:
mengaktifkan: *51
menonaktifkan: *510
Pengalihan ketika sibuk/mati:
mengaktifkan: *52
menonaktifkan: *520
supaya perfek tak masuk mailbox, lakukan penonaktifan semuanya.
ESIA
mengaktifkan : *922
menonaktifkan : *100
3 (three)mengaktifkan: *100#menonaktifkan: #100#
Pada umumnya kita segera memencet tombol untuk menghentikan percakapan. Tapi terlambat, Anda sudah harus membayar untuk itu, sesuai dengantarif penyedia layanan jasa telekomunikasi itu.
Karena itu, lebih baik matikan saja fungsi mailbox itu, karena pada umumnya kita juga tidak pernah menggunakannya.
Caranya ?
XL (bebas, jempol, xplor)
mengaktifkan: *818#
menonaktifkan: #818#
chek: *#818#
TELKOMSEL (simpati, halo)
mengaktifkan: *222#
menonaktifkan: #222#
chek: *#222#
INDOSAT GSM (mentari, im3, matrix)
menonaktifkan: call customer service di 300 kemudian minta supaya voicemailboxnya dimatikan.
INDOSAT CDMA (starone)
mengaktifkan: *68122
menonaktifkan: *680
TELKOM FLEXIPengalihan tanpa kondisi:
mengaktifkan: *51
menonaktifkan: *510
Pengalihan ketika sibuk/mati:
mengaktifkan: *52
menonaktifkan: *520
supaya perfek tak masuk mailbox, lakukan penonaktifan semuanya.
ESIA
mengaktifkan : *922
menonaktifkan : *100
3 (three)mengaktifkan: *100#menonaktifkan: #100#
2012 (apa iya beneran?)
From Milist (just info):
Tahun 2012 memang penuh dengan kontroversi. Dalam buku ‘Apocalypse 2012’ (Lawrence E.Joseph: 2007), penulis berdarah Lebanon yang menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Direksi Aerospace Consulting Corporation di New Mexico ini dipaparkan dengan sangat jelas dan juga ilmiah tentang kemungkinan terjadinya bencana alam di tahun tersebut. Bencana itu antara lain: siklus aktivitas matahari yang memuncak di tahun 2012 yang menyebabkan panas yang luar biasa di bumi, terlebih atmosfer kita sudah mengalami penipisan dan bolong di beberapa bagian sehingga selain memanaskan bumi dengan radikal juga melelehkan es di kutub dan juga menimbulkan badai serta topan yang dahsyat.
Medan magnet bumi yang berfungsi sebagai pertahanan utama bumi terhadap radiasi sinar matahari mulai retak bahkan ada yang sampai sebesar kota California di sana-sini. Pergeseran kutub juga tengah berlangsung. Tata surya kita tengah memasuki medan awan energi antar bintang. Awan itu mengaktifkan dan merusak keseimbangan matahari serta atmosfer planet-planet. Para ahli geofisika Rusia berpendapat bahwa ketika bumi akan memasuki awan energi tersebut di tahun 2012 hingga 2020 dan akan menimbulkan bencana besar yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya.
Fisikawan UC Berkeley menyatakan dinosaurus serta spesies lainnya telah punah akibat tumbukan asteroid raksasa 65 juta tahun silam. Menurut siklus yang diperhitungkan secara ilmiah, seharusnya hal itu sudah terjadi lagi di saat-saat sekarang. Supervulkan Yellowstone yang memiliki siklus letusan dahsyat setiap 600 hingga 700 ribu tahun tengah bersiap untuk meletus kembali. Beberapa perhitunmgan ilmiah lainnya turut mendukung pandangan ini.
Menariknya, ramalan bangsa Maya (juga suku Hopi, Mesir Kuno, dan beberapa suku kuno lainnya) di dalam kalendernya dengan detil mengungkapkan jika tahun 2012 merupakan akhir sekaligus awal zaman baru. Bagaikan kelahiran seorang anak manusia, maka kelahiran zaman baru ini akan dipenuhi dengan darah. Suku Maya merupakan salah satu suku kuno di dunia ini yang dikenal sebagai suku yang sangat detil memperhatikan dan menghitung bintang-bintang dan benda langit lainnya.
Kitab kuno dari Cina, I Ching, juga menyatakan akan terjadi bencana besar di tahun 2012. Beberapa ativitas modern juga terkait dengan tahun 2012, yakni dateline modernisasi besar-besaran Pentagon paska ditubruk rudal dalam peristiwa 11 September 2001, batas akhir pelaksanaan Codex Alimentarius yang berupaya mengurangi populasi manusia di bumi dengan rekayasa genetika dan makanan transgenik, dan sebagainya.
Seorang tokoh spiritual Yahudi dunia bernama Titzchak Qadduri jauh-jauh hari sudah menyerukan kaum Yahudi agar sesegera mungkin meninggalkan daratan Amerika Serikat karena menurut perhitungannya, sebuah komet atau asteroid raksasa tengah meluncur di alam semesta dan mengarah serta akan menumbuk menuju daratan Amerika. Semua itu merupakan ramalan-ramalan para pakar di bidangnya masing-masing.
Menurut Islam, kiamat adalah hal yang tidak bias dihindarkan. Hanya saja, kita tidak akan pernah tahu kapan pastinya akan terjadi. Bisa dua jam lagi, bisa besok, atau entah kapan. Umat Islam adalah umat akhir zaman.
Bagian luar Tata Surya masih memiliki banyak planet-planet minor yang belum ditemukan. Sejak pencarian Planet X dimulai pada awal abad ke 20, kemungkinan akan adanya planet hipotetis yang mengorbit Matahari di balik Sabuk Kuiper telah membakar teori-teori Kiamat dan spekulasi bahwa Planet X sebenarnya merupakan saudara Matahari kita yang telah lama “hilang”. Tetapi, mengapa kita harus cemas duluan akan Planet X/Teori Kiamat ini? Planet X kan tidak lain hanya merupakan obyek hipotetis yang tidak diketahui?
Teori-teori ini didorong pula dengan adanya ramalan suku Maya akan kiamat dunia pada tahun 2012 (Mayan Prophecy) dan cerita mistis Bangsa Sumeria tentang Planet Nibiru, dan akhirnya kini memanas sebagai “ramalan kiamat” 21 Desember 2012. Namun, bukti-bukti astronomis yang digunakan untuk teori-teori ini benar-benar melenceng.
Pada 18 Juni kemarin, peneliti-peneliti Jepang mengumumkan berita bahwa pencarian teoretis mereka untuk sebuah massa besar di luar Tata Surya kita telah membuahkan hasil. Dari perhitungan mereka, mungkin saja terdapat sebuah planet yang sedikit lebih besar daripada sebuah objek Plutoid atau planet kerdil, tetapi tentu lebih kecil dari Bumi, yang mengorbit Matahari dengan jarak lebih dari 100 SA. Tetapi, sebelum kita terhanyut pada penemuan ini, planet ini bukan Nibiru, dan bukan pula bukti akan berakhirnya dunia ini pada 2012. Penemuan ini adalah penemuan baru dan merupakan perkembangan yang sangat menarik dalam pencarian planet-planet minor di balik Sabuk Kuiper.
Dalam simulasi teoretis, dua orang peneliti Jepang telah menyimpulkan bahwa bagian paling luar dari Tata Surya kita mungkin mengandung planet yang belum ditemukan. Patryk Lykawa dan Tadashi Mukai dari Universitas Kobe telah mempublikasikan paper mereka dalam Astrophysical Journal. Paper mereka menjelaskan tentang planet minor yang mereka yakini berinteraksi dengan Sabuk Kuiper yang misterius itu.
Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs)
Sabuk Kuiper menempati wilayah yang sangat luas di Tata Surya kita, kira-kira 30-50 SA dari Matahari, dan mengandung sejumlah besar objek-objek batuan dan metalik. Objek terbesar yang diketahui adalah planet kerdil (Plutoid) Eris. Telah lama diketahui, Sabuk Kuiper memiliki karakteristik yang aneh, yang mungkin menandakan keberadaan sebuah benda (planet) besar yang mengorbit Matahari dibalik Sabuk Kuiper. Salah satu karakterikstik tersebut adalah yang disebut dengan “Kuiper Cliff” atau Jurang Kuiper yang terdapat pada jarak 50 SA. Ini merupakan akhir dari Sabuk Kuiper yang tiba-tiba, dan sangat sedikit objek Sabuk Kuiper yang telah dapat diamati di balik titik ini. Jurang ini tidak dapat dihubungkan terhadap resonansi orbital dengan planet-planet masif seperti Neptunus, dan tampaknya tidak terjadi kesalahan (error) pengamatan. Banyak ahli astronomi percaya bahwa akhir yang tiba-tiba dalam populasi Sabuk Kuiper tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh planet yang belum ditemukan, yang mungkin sebesar Bumi. Objek inilah yang diyakini Lykawka dan Mukai, dan telah mereka perhitungkan keberadaannya.
Para peneliti Jepang ini memprediksikan sebuah objek besar, yang massanya 30-70 % massa Bumi, mengorbit Matahari pada jarak 100-200 SA. Objek ini mungkin juga dapat membantu menjelaskan mengapa sebagian objek Sabuk Kuiper dan objek Trans-Neptunian (TNO) memiliki beberapa karakteristik orbital yang aneh, contohnya Sedna.
Sejak ditemukannya Pluto pada tahun 1930, para astronom telah mencari objek lain yang lebih masif, yang dapat menjelaskan gangguan orbital yang diamati pada orbit Neptunus dan Uranus. Pencarian ini dikenal sebagai “Pencarian Planet X”, yang diartikan secara harfiah sebagai “pencarian planet yang belum teridentifikasi”. Pada tahun 1980an gangguan orbital ini dianggap sebagai kesalahan (error) pengamatan. Oleh karena itu, pencarian ilmiah akan Planet X dewasa ini adalah pencarian untuk objek Sabuk Kuiper yang besar, atau pencarian planet minor. Meskipun Planet X mungkin tidak akan sebesar massa Bumi, para peneliti masih akan tetap tertarik untuk mencari objek-objek Kuiper lain, yang mungkin seukuran Plutoid, mungkin juga sedikit lebih besar, tetapi tidak terlalu besar.
“The interesting thing for me is the suggestion of the kinds of very interesting objects that may yet await discovery in the outer solar system. We are still scratching the edges of that region of the solar system, and I expect many surprises await us with the future deeper surveys.” - Mark Sykes, Direktur Planetary Science Institute (PSI) di Arizona.
Planet X Tidaklah Menakutkan
Jadi, dari mana Nibiru ini berasal? Pada tahun 1976, sebuah buku kontroversial berjudul The Twelfth Planet atau Planet Kedua belas ditulis oleh Zecharian Sitchin. Sitchin telah menerjemahkan tulisan-tulisan kuno Sumeria yang berbentuk baji (bentuk tulisan yang diketahui paling kuno). Tulisan berumur 6.000 tahun ini mengungkapkan bahwa ras alien yang dikenal sebagai Anunnaki dari planet yang disebut Nibiru, mendarat di Bumi. Ringkas cerita, Anunnaki memodifikasi gen primata di Bumi untuk menciptakan homo sapiens sebagai budak mereka.
Ketika Anunnaki meninggalkan Bumi, mereka membiarkan kita memerintah Bumi ini hingga saatnya mereka kembali nanti. Semua ini mungkin tampak sedikit fantastis, dan mungkin juga sedikit terlalu detail jika mengingat semua ini merupakan terjemahan harfiah dari suatu tulisan kuno berusia 6.000 tahun. Pekerjaan Sitchin ini telah diabaikan oleh komunitas ilmiah sebagaimana metode interpretasinya dianggap imajinatif. Meskipun demikian, banyak juga yang mendengar Sitchin, dan meyakini bahwa Nibiru (dengan orbitnya yang sangat eksentrik dalam mengelilingi Matahari) akan kembali, mungkin pada tahun 2012 untuk menyebabkan semua kehancuran dan terror-teror di Bumi ini. Dari “penemuan” astronomis yang meragukan inilah hipotesis Kiamat 2012 Planet X didasarkan. Lalu, bagaimanakah Planet X dianggap sebagai perwujudan dari Nibiru?
Kemudian terdapat juga “penemuan katai coklat di luar Tata Surya kita” dari IRAS pada tahun 1984 dan “pengumuman NASA akan planet bermassa 4-8 massa Bumi yang sedang menuju Bumi” pada tahun 1933. Para pendukung hipotesis kiamat ini bergantung pada penemuan astronomis tersebut, sebagai bukti bahwa Nibiru sebenarnya adalah Planet X yang telah lama dicari para astronom selama abad ini. Tidak hanya itu, dengan memanipulasi fakta-fakta tentang penelitian-penelitian ilmiah, mereka “membuktikan” bahwa Nibiru sedang menuju kita (Bumi), dan pada tahun 2012, benda masif ini akan memasuki bagian dalam Tata Surya kita, menyebabkan gangguan gravitasi.
Dalam pendefinisian yang paling murni, Planet X adalah planet yang belum diketahui, yang mungkin secara teoretis mengorbit Matahari jauh di balik Sabuk Kuiper. Jika penemuan beberapa hari lalu memang akhirnya mengarah pada pengamatan sebuah planet atau Plutoid, maka hal ini akan menjadi penemuan luar biasa yang membantu kita memahami evolusi dan karakteristik misterius bagian luar Tata Surya kita.
Sumber : Universe Today (berbagai sumber)
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a secure seedbank located on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen near the town of Longyearbyen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago.[1] The facility was established to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds from locations worldwide in an underground cavern. The Seed Vault holds duplicate samples, or "spare" copies, of seeds held in genebanks worldwide. The Seed Vault will provide insurance against the loss of seeds in genebanks, as well as a refuge for seeds in the case of large scale regional or global crises. The island of Spitsbergen is about 1,120 kilometres (700 mi) from the North Pole.
The Seed Vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement between the Norwegian government, the Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT) and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (previously named the Nordic Gene Bank, a cooperative effort of the Nordic countries under the Nordic Council of Ministers).
The GCDT has played a key role in the planning of the Seed Vault and is coordinating shipments of seed samples to the Vault in conjunction with the Nordic Genetic Resource Center. The Trust will provide most of the annual operating costs for the facility, and has set aside endowment funds to do so, while the Norwegian government will finance upkeep of the structure itself. With support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and other donors, the GCDT is assisting selected genebanks in developing countries as well as the international agricultural research centers in packaging and shipping seeds to the Seed Vault. An International Advisory Council is being established to provide guidance and advice. It will include representatives from the FAO, the CGIAR, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources and other institutions.
Construction of the Seed Vault, which cost approximately 45 million Norwegian Kroner ($9 million),[2] was funded entirely by the Government of Norway.[2] Storage of seeds in the Seed Vault is free of charge. Operational costs will be paid by Norway and the Global Crop Diversity Trust.[2]. The primary funders of the Trust are the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the United Kingdom, Norway, Australia, Switzerland and Sweden, though funding has been received from a wide variety of sources including four developing countries: Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, and India.[3]
HistoryThe Nordic Gene Bank has stored a backup of Nordic plant germplasm as frozen seeds in an abandoned coal mine at Svalbard since 1984. The Nordic Gene Bank (NGB) has deposited more than 10,000 seed samples of more than 2,000 cultivars of 300 different species over the years. In addition, seed samples from southern Africa (SADC) have been safely duplicated with the Nordic collection for some years. Both the Nordic and African collections are expected be transferred to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in the future. Since January 1, 2008 the Nordic Gene Bank is an integrated part of the newly formed Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NORDGEN).
ConstructionThe prime ministers of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland participated in a ceremonial "laying of the first stone" on 19 June 2006.
The seedbank is constructed 120 metres (390 ft) inside a sandstone mountain at Svalbard on Spitsbergen Island.[4] The bank employs a number of robust security systems. Seeds are packaged in special four-ply packets and heat sealed to exclude moisture. The facility is managed by the Nordic Genetic Resource Center, though there are no permanent staff on-site.
Spitsbergen was considered ideal due to its lack of tectonic activity and its permafrost, which will aid preservation. The location 130 metres (430 ft) above sea level will ensure that the site remains dry even if the icecaps melt.[4] Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units that further cool the seeds to the internationally-recommended standard −18 °C (−0 °F).[5] Even if the equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before the temperature rises to the −3 °C (30 °F) of the surrounding sandstone bedrock.[1]
Prior to construction, a feasibility study determined that the vault could preserve seeds from most major food crops for hundreds of years. Some seeds, including those of important grains, could survive far longer, possibly thousands of years.
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault opened officially on February 26, 2008.[6] Approximately 1.5 million distinct seed samples of agricultural crops are thought to exist. The variety and volume of seeds stored will depend on the number of countries participating – the facility has a capacity to conserve 4.5 million. The first seeds arrived in January 2008.[7] Five percent of the seeds in the Vault, about 18,000 samples with 500 seeds each, come from the Centre for Genetic Resources of the Netherlands (CGN), part of Wageningen University, Netherlands.[8]
MissionThe Svalbard Global Seed Vault's mission is to provide a safety net against accidental loss of diversity in traditional genebanks. While the popular press has emphasized its possible utility in the event of a major regional or global catastrophe, it will certainly be more frequently accessed when genebanks lose samples due to mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts and natural disasters. Such events occur with some regularity. In recent years, some national genebanks have also been destroyed by war and civil strife. There are some 1,400 crop diversity collections around the world, but many are in politically unstable or environmentally threatened nations.
Access to seedsThe seed samples stored in the Seed Vault are copies of samples stored in the depositing genebanks. Researchers, plant breeders and other groups wishing to access seed samples cannot do so through the Seed Vault; instead they must request samples from the depositing genebanks. The samples stored in the genebanks will, in most cases, be accessible in accordance with the terms and conditions of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture,[9] approved by 118 countries/Parties.[10][11]
The Seed Vault functions like a safety deposit box in a bank. The bank owns the building and the depositor owns the contents of his or her box. The Government of Norway owns the facility and the depositing genebanks own the seeds they send. The deposit of samples in Svalbard does not constitute a legal transfer of genetic resources. In genebank terminology this is called a "black box" arrangement. Each depositor signs a Deposit Agreement with NORDGEN, acting on behalf of Norway. The Agreement makes clear that Norway does not claim ownership over the deposited samples and that ownership remains with the depositor, who has the sole right of access to those materials in the Seed Vault. No one has access to anyone else’s seeds from the Seed Vault.[11][12]
ControversyIt has been alleged that there has been some controversy over private involvement in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. In fact, the Vault was unanimously welcomed at the United Nations when proposed by Norway. The Government of Norway funded the construction of the Vault in its entirety and will continue to fund its maintenance. The Global Crop Diversity Trust funds the operation and management of the facility, and has funded the transport of seeds from genebanks in developing countries and from international genebanks to the Arctic. For the first three years of the Vault’s existence, the transport of seeds from international collections and developing countries has been made possible through a partnership between the Trust and the United Nations Foundation funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
All seeds stored in the Seed Vault remain the property of the country or institution that sent them. There is no change of ownership. Neither the managers of the Seed Vault, Norway, the Trust, nor anyone else has any right even to open the boxes in which the seeds arrive and are stored. Seeds are available only to the depositors to restore samples they have lost themselves. Information about which countries have sent seeds, and the seeds which are already stored in the Vault, is all public. For a list of depositors to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, see the Seed Vault online database managed by NORDGEN.[13] For the complete list of donors to the Global Crop Diversity Trust, see [1].
Tahun 2012 memang penuh dengan kontroversi. Dalam buku ‘Apocalypse 2012’ (Lawrence E.Joseph: 2007), penulis berdarah Lebanon yang menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Direksi Aerospace Consulting Corporation di New Mexico ini dipaparkan dengan sangat jelas dan juga ilmiah tentang kemungkinan terjadinya bencana alam di tahun tersebut. Bencana itu antara lain: siklus aktivitas matahari yang memuncak di tahun 2012 yang menyebabkan panas yang luar biasa di bumi, terlebih atmosfer kita sudah mengalami penipisan dan bolong di beberapa bagian sehingga selain memanaskan bumi dengan radikal juga melelehkan es di kutub dan juga menimbulkan badai serta topan yang dahsyat.
Medan magnet bumi yang berfungsi sebagai pertahanan utama bumi terhadap radiasi sinar matahari mulai retak bahkan ada yang sampai sebesar kota California di sana-sini. Pergeseran kutub juga tengah berlangsung. Tata surya kita tengah memasuki medan awan energi antar bintang. Awan itu mengaktifkan dan merusak keseimbangan matahari serta atmosfer planet-planet. Para ahli geofisika Rusia berpendapat bahwa ketika bumi akan memasuki awan energi tersebut di tahun 2012 hingga 2020 dan akan menimbulkan bencana besar yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya.
Fisikawan UC Berkeley menyatakan dinosaurus serta spesies lainnya telah punah akibat tumbukan asteroid raksasa 65 juta tahun silam. Menurut siklus yang diperhitungkan secara ilmiah, seharusnya hal itu sudah terjadi lagi di saat-saat sekarang. Supervulkan Yellowstone yang memiliki siklus letusan dahsyat setiap 600 hingga 700 ribu tahun tengah bersiap untuk meletus kembali. Beberapa perhitunmgan ilmiah lainnya turut mendukung pandangan ini.
Menariknya, ramalan bangsa Maya (juga suku Hopi, Mesir Kuno, dan beberapa suku kuno lainnya) di dalam kalendernya dengan detil mengungkapkan jika tahun 2012 merupakan akhir sekaligus awal zaman baru. Bagaikan kelahiran seorang anak manusia, maka kelahiran zaman baru ini akan dipenuhi dengan darah. Suku Maya merupakan salah satu suku kuno di dunia ini yang dikenal sebagai suku yang sangat detil memperhatikan dan menghitung bintang-bintang dan benda langit lainnya.
Kitab kuno dari Cina, I Ching, juga menyatakan akan terjadi bencana besar di tahun 2012. Beberapa ativitas modern juga terkait dengan tahun 2012, yakni dateline modernisasi besar-besaran Pentagon paska ditubruk rudal dalam peristiwa 11 September 2001, batas akhir pelaksanaan Codex Alimentarius yang berupaya mengurangi populasi manusia di bumi dengan rekayasa genetika dan makanan transgenik, dan sebagainya.
Seorang tokoh spiritual Yahudi dunia bernama Titzchak Qadduri jauh-jauh hari sudah menyerukan kaum Yahudi agar sesegera mungkin meninggalkan daratan Amerika Serikat karena menurut perhitungannya, sebuah komet atau asteroid raksasa tengah meluncur di alam semesta dan mengarah serta akan menumbuk menuju daratan Amerika. Semua itu merupakan ramalan-ramalan para pakar di bidangnya masing-masing.
Menurut Islam, kiamat adalah hal yang tidak bias dihindarkan. Hanya saja, kita tidak akan pernah tahu kapan pastinya akan terjadi. Bisa dua jam lagi, bisa besok, atau entah kapan. Umat Islam adalah umat akhir zaman.
Bagian luar Tata Surya masih memiliki banyak planet-planet minor yang belum ditemukan. Sejak pencarian Planet X dimulai pada awal abad ke 20, kemungkinan akan adanya planet hipotetis yang mengorbit Matahari di balik Sabuk Kuiper telah membakar teori-teori Kiamat dan spekulasi bahwa Planet X sebenarnya merupakan saudara Matahari kita yang telah lama “hilang”. Tetapi, mengapa kita harus cemas duluan akan Planet X/Teori Kiamat ini? Planet X kan tidak lain hanya merupakan obyek hipotetis yang tidak diketahui?
Teori-teori ini didorong pula dengan adanya ramalan suku Maya akan kiamat dunia pada tahun 2012 (Mayan Prophecy) dan cerita mistis Bangsa Sumeria tentang Planet Nibiru, dan akhirnya kini memanas sebagai “ramalan kiamat” 21 Desember 2012. Namun, bukti-bukti astronomis yang digunakan untuk teori-teori ini benar-benar melenceng.
Pada 18 Juni kemarin, peneliti-peneliti Jepang mengumumkan berita bahwa pencarian teoretis mereka untuk sebuah massa besar di luar Tata Surya kita telah membuahkan hasil. Dari perhitungan mereka, mungkin saja terdapat sebuah planet yang sedikit lebih besar daripada sebuah objek Plutoid atau planet kerdil, tetapi tentu lebih kecil dari Bumi, yang mengorbit Matahari dengan jarak lebih dari 100 SA. Tetapi, sebelum kita terhanyut pada penemuan ini, planet ini bukan Nibiru, dan bukan pula bukti akan berakhirnya dunia ini pada 2012. Penemuan ini adalah penemuan baru dan merupakan perkembangan yang sangat menarik dalam pencarian planet-planet minor di balik Sabuk Kuiper.
Dalam simulasi teoretis, dua orang peneliti Jepang telah menyimpulkan bahwa bagian paling luar dari Tata Surya kita mungkin mengandung planet yang belum ditemukan. Patryk Lykawa dan Tadashi Mukai dari Universitas Kobe telah mempublikasikan paper mereka dalam Astrophysical Journal. Paper mereka menjelaskan tentang planet minor yang mereka yakini berinteraksi dengan Sabuk Kuiper yang misterius itu.
Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs)
Sabuk Kuiper menempati wilayah yang sangat luas di Tata Surya kita, kira-kira 30-50 SA dari Matahari, dan mengandung sejumlah besar objek-objek batuan dan metalik. Objek terbesar yang diketahui adalah planet kerdil (Plutoid) Eris. Telah lama diketahui, Sabuk Kuiper memiliki karakteristik yang aneh, yang mungkin menandakan keberadaan sebuah benda (planet) besar yang mengorbit Matahari dibalik Sabuk Kuiper. Salah satu karakterikstik tersebut adalah yang disebut dengan “Kuiper Cliff” atau Jurang Kuiper yang terdapat pada jarak 50 SA. Ini merupakan akhir dari Sabuk Kuiper yang tiba-tiba, dan sangat sedikit objek Sabuk Kuiper yang telah dapat diamati di balik titik ini. Jurang ini tidak dapat dihubungkan terhadap resonansi orbital dengan planet-planet masif seperti Neptunus, dan tampaknya tidak terjadi kesalahan (error) pengamatan. Banyak ahli astronomi percaya bahwa akhir yang tiba-tiba dalam populasi Sabuk Kuiper tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh planet yang belum ditemukan, yang mungkin sebesar Bumi. Objek inilah yang diyakini Lykawka dan Mukai, dan telah mereka perhitungkan keberadaannya.
Para peneliti Jepang ini memprediksikan sebuah objek besar, yang massanya 30-70 % massa Bumi, mengorbit Matahari pada jarak 100-200 SA. Objek ini mungkin juga dapat membantu menjelaskan mengapa sebagian objek Sabuk Kuiper dan objek Trans-Neptunian (TNO) memiliki beberapa karakteristik orbital yang aneh, contohnya Sedna.
Sejak ditemukannya Pluto pada tahun 1930, para astronom telah mencari objek lain yang lebih masif, yang dapat menjelaskan gangguan orbital yang diamati pada orbit Neptunus dan Uranus. Pencarian ini dikenal sebagai “Pencarian Planet X”, yang diartikan secara harfiah sebagai “pencarian planet yang belum teridentifikasi”. Pada tahun 1980an gangguan orbital ini dianggap sebagai kesalahan (error) pengamatan. Oleh karena itu, pencarian ilmiah akan Planet X dewasa ini adalah pencarian untuk objek Sabuk Kuiper yang besar, atau pencarian planet minor. Meskipun Planet X mungkin tidak akan sebesar massa Bumi, para peneliti masih akan tetap tertarik untuk mencari objek-objek Kuiper lain, yang mungkin seukuran Plutoid, mungkin juga sedikit lebih besar, tetapi tidak terlalu besar.
“The interesting thing for me is the suggestion of the kinds of very interesting objects that may yet await discovery in the outer solar system. We are still scratching the edges of that region of the solar system, and I expect many surprises await us with the future deeper surveys.” - Mark Sykes, Direktur Planetary Science Institute (PSI) di Arizona.
Planet X Tidaklah Menakutkan
Jadi, dari mana Nibiru ini berasal? Pada tahun 1976, sebuah buku kontroversial berjudul The Twelfth Planet atau Planet Kedua belas ditulis oleh Zecharian Sitchin. Sitchin telah menerjemahkan tulisan-tulisan kuno Sumeria yang berbentuk baji (bentuk tulisan yang diketahui paling kuno). Tulisan berumur 6.000 tahun ini mengungkapkan bahwa ras alien yang dikenal sebagai Anunnaki dari planet yang disebut Nibiru, mendarat di Bumi. Ringkas cerita, Anunnaki memodifikasi gen primata di Bumi untuk menciptakan homo sapiens sebagai budak mereka.
Ketika Anunnaki meninggalkan Bumi, mereka membiarkan kita memerintah Bumi ini hingga saatnya mereka kembali nanti. Semua ini mungkin tampak sedikit fantastis, dan mungkin juga sedikit terlalu detail jika mengingat semua ini merupakan terjemahan harfiah dari suatu tulisan kuno berusia 6.000 tahun. Pekerjaan Sitchin ini telah diabaikan oleh komunitas ilmiah sebagaimana metode interpretasinya dianggap imajinatif. Meskipun demikian, banyak juga yang mendengar Sitchin, dan meyakini bahwa Nibiru (dengan orbitnya yang sangat eksentrik dalam mengelilingi Matahari) akan kembali, mungkin pada tahun 2012 untuk menyebabkan semua kehancuran dan terror-teror di Bumi ini. Dari “penemuan” astronomis yang meragukan inilah hipotesis Kiamat 2012 Planet X didasarkan. Lalu, bagaimanakah Planet X dianggap sebagai perwujudan dari Nibiru?
Kemudian terdapat juga “penemuan katai coklat di luar Tata Surya kita” dari IRAS pada tahun 1984 dan “pengumuman NASA akan planet bermassa 4-8 massa Bumi yang sedang menuju Bumi” pada tahun 1933. Para pendukung hipotesis kiamat ini bergantung pada penemuan astronomis tersebut, sebagai bukti bahwa Nibiru sebenarnya adalah Planet X yang telah lama dicari para astronom selama abad ini. Tidak hanya itu, dengan memanipulasi fakta-fakta tentang penelitian-penelitian ilmiah, mereka “membuktikan” bahwa Nibiru sedang menuju kita (Bumi), dan pada tahun 2012, benda masif ini akan memasuki bagian dalam Tata Surya kita, menyebabkan gangguan gravitasi.
Dalam pendefinisian yang paling murni, Planet X adalah planet yang belum diketahui, yang mungkin secara teoretis mengorbit Matahari jauh di balik Sabuk Kuiper. Jika penemuan beberapa hari lalu memang akhirnya mengarah pada pengamatan sebuah planet atau Plutoid, maka hal ini akan menjadi penemuan luar biasa yang membantu kita memahami evolusi dan karakteristik misterius bagian luar Tata Surya kita.
Sumber : Universe Today (berbagai sumber)
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a secure seedbank located on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen near the town of Longyearbyen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago.[1] The facility was established to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds from locations worldwide in an underground cavern. The Seed Vault holds duplicate samples, or "spare" copies, of seeds held in genebanks worldwide. The Seed Vault will provide insurance against the loss of seeds in genebanks, as well as a refuge for seeds in the case of large scale regional or global crises. The island of Spitsbergen is about 1,120 kilometres (700 mi) from the North Pole.
The Seed Vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement between the Norwegian government, the Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT) and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (previously named the Nordic Gene Bank, a cooperative effort of the Nordic countries under the Nordic Council of Ministers).
The GCDT has played a key role in the planning of the Seed Vault and is coordinating shipments of seed samples to the Vault in conjunction with the Nordic Genetic Resource Center. The Trust will provide most of the annual operating costs for the facility, and has set aside endowment funds to do so, while the Norwegian government will finance upkeep of the structure itself. With support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and other donors, the GCDT is assisting selected genebanks in developing countries as well as the international agricultural research centers in packaging and shipping seeds to the Seed Vault. An International Advisory Council is being established to provide guidance and advice. It will include representatives from the FAO, the CGIAR, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources and other institutions.
Construction of the Seed Vault, which cost approximately 45 million Norwegian Kroner ($9 million),[2] was funded entirely by the Government of Norway.[2] Storage of seeds in the Seed Vault is free of charge. Operational costs will be paid by Norway and the Global Crop Diversity Trust.[2]. The primary funders of the Trust are the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the United Kingdom, Norway, Australia, Switzerland and Sweden, though funding has been received from a wide variety of sources including four developing countries: Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, and India.[3]
HistoryThe Nordic Gene Bank has stored a backup of Nordic plant germplasm as frozen seeds in an abandoned coal mine at Svalbard since 1984. The Nordic Gene Bank (NGB) has deposited more than 10,000 seed samples of more than 2,000 cultivars of 300 different species over the years. In addition, seed samples from southern Africa (SADC) have been safely duplicated with the Nordic collection for some years. Both the Nordic and African collections are expected be transferred to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in the future. Since January 1, 2008 the Nordic Gene Bank is an integrated part of the newly formed Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NORDGEN).
ConstructionThe prime ministers of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland participated in a ceremonial "laying of the first stone" on 19 June 2006.
The seedbank is constructed 120 metres (390 ft) inside a sandstone mountain at Svalbard on Spitsbergen Island.[4] The bank employs a number of robust security systems. Seeds are packaged in special four-ply packets and heat sealed to exclude moisture. The facility is managed by the Nordic Genetic Resource Center, though there are no permanent staff on-site.
Spitsbergen was considered ideal due to its lack of tectonic activity and its permafrost, which will aid preservation. The location 130 metres (430 ft) above sea level will ensure that the site remains dry even if the icecaps melt.[4] Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units that further cool the seeds to the internationally-recommended standard −18 °C (−0 °F).[5] Even if the equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before the temperature rises to the −3 °C (30 °F) of the surrounding sandstone bedrock.[1]
Prior to construction, a feasibility study determined that the vault could preserve seeds from most major food crops for hundreds of years. Some seeds, including those of important grains, could survive far longer, possibly thousands of years.
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault opened officially on February 26, 2008.[6] Approximately 1.5 million distinct seed samples of agricultural crops are thought to exist. The variety and volume of seeds stored will depend on the number of countries participating – the facility has a capacity to conserve 4.5 million. The first seeds arrived in January 2008.[7] Five percent of the seeds in the Vault, about 18,000 samples with 500 seeds each, come from the Centre for Genetic Resources of the Netherlands (CGN), part of Wageningen University, Netherlands.[8]
MissionThe Svalbard Global Seed Vault's mission is to provide a safety net against accidental loss of diversity in traditional genebanks. While the popular press has emphasized its possible utility in the event of a major regional or global catastrophe, it will certainly be more frequently accessed when genebanks lose samples due to mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts and natural disasters. Such events occur with some regularity. In recent years, some national genebanks have also been destroyed by war and civil strife. There are some 1,400 crop diversity collections around the world, but many are in politically unstable or environmentally threatened nations.
Access to seedsThe seed samples stored in the Seed Vault are copies of samples stored in the depositing genebanks. Researchers, plant breeders and other groups wishing to access seed samples cannot do so through the Seed Vault; instead they must request samples from the depositing genebanks. The samples stored in the genebanks will, in most cases, be accessible in accordance with the terms and conditions of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture,[9] approved by 118 countries/Parties.[10][11]
The Seed Vault functions like a safety deposit box in a bank. The bank owns the building and the depositor owns the contents of his or her box. The Government of Norway owns the facility and the depositing genebanks own the seeds they send. The deposit of samples in Svalbard does not constitute a legal transfer of genetic resources. In genebank terminology this is called a "black box" arrangement. Each depositor signs a Deposit Agreement with NORDGEN, acting on behalf of Norway. The Agreement makes clear that Norway does not claim ownership over the deposited samples and that ownership remains with the depositor, who has the sole right of access to those materials in the Seed Vault. No one has access to anyone else’s seeds from the Seed Vault.[11][12]
ControversyIt has been alleged that there has been some controversy over private involvement in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. In fact, the Vault was unanimously welcomed at the United Nations when proposed by Norway. The Government of Norway funded the construction of the Vault in its entirety and will continue to fund its maintenance. The Global Crop Diversity Trust funds the operation and management of the facility, and has funded the transport of seeds from genebanks in developing countries and from international genebanks to the Arctic. For the first three years of the Vault’s existence, the transport of seeds from international collections and developing countries has been made possible through a partnership between the Trust and the United Nations Foundation funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
All seeds stored in the Seed Vault remain the property of the country or institution that sent them. There is no change of ownership. Neither the managers of the Seed Vault, Norway, the Trust, nor anyone else has any right even to open the boxes in which the seeds arrive and are stored. Seeds are available only to the depositors to restore samples they have lost themselves. Information about which countries have sent seeds, and the seeds which are already stored in the Vault, is all public. For a list of depositors to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, see the Seed Vault online database managed by NORDGEN.[13] For the complete list of donors to the Global Crop Diversity Trust, see [1].
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